Catalogue

March/April 1808 Opposition of the King of Sweden to the landing of British troops. Despondency of Sir John Moore

July 1808 Plans for operations in Portugal

before 19 July 1808 Disposition of the British forces. Requests that Moore be sent to reinforce Wellington

Camp at Ramalihar [Ramalbal], 24 November (recte August) 1808 Battle of Vimleiro and negotiations for the convention of Cintra

Sobril de Montegran [Sobral], ? 1 September 1808 Terms of 'this creditable convention'

San Antonio de Tojal, 3 September 1808 Difficulties in carrying out the Convention. Proposals for advance into Spain

Lisbon, 8 September 1808 The occupation of Lisbon and the arrangements for its administration

Cintra, 10 September 1808 Rumours of dissatisfaction of the British and Napoleon with the Convention. Russian ships still flying their flags

Belem, 13 September 1808 Criticisms of the Convention. Difficulties of maintaining the horses Enclosures: (a) Letter from E. Harbord concerning a dispute between Sir Hew Dalrymple and General Drechen over the latter's attitude to the Bishop of Oporto (b) Lt. General Hope's proclamation to the citizens of Lisbon (c) Copy (in French) of the Articles agreed between the British and French (d) Protest of Kellerman against alleged mistranslations of the Articles

Belem, 17 September 1808 Beresford, Proby and Kellerman are in dispute over the interpretation of the agreement. The army is dissatisfied with Dalrymple and the 'absurdity of the Convention'. Has spoken to Junot who is confident le plus grand Conquerant du monde will avenge him. Wellesley is going to leave the Peninsula. Castanos has asked for help but they can only get to Spain overland. Moore feels slighted by the government and Wellesley is having a difficult time with him but they admire each other's military capabilities. Castlereagh must denounce the Convention, Wellesley can defend himself. Dalrymple's incapabilities must be acknowledged or the Ministry will fall. The French have sent 24,000 troops against Saragossa and Castanos cannot move as the Junta at Seville will not send the money they have received from England out of the province. Doyle raised 200,000 dollars for Cardenas and has incurred Dalrymple's anger. The Spaniards have asked for cavalry but no infantry - should have all or nothing. [incomplete]

Belem, 29 September 1808 Removal of Dalrymple. Burrard's shortcomings. Suggests Lord Moira or Cathcart as commander in chief. Difficulties at Elvas with the Spaniards who would not recognise the Convention. Description of Beresford's presentation of arms to the Spanish regiments whose officers got so drunk they danced fandangos in their boots. A member of the Junta has arrived who estimates the Catalonian army at 40,000 men, but the French cavalry prevents an attack on Barcelona. Wellesley and Dalrymple both deny responsibility for the basis of the convention

(to Cooke), 30 September 1808 Nothing can be done until the command is settled. Burrard's reign must be short 'Send us some good fellow here soon is the prayer ...'

8 October 1808 The proposed arrangements will give satisfaction and Wellesley and Moore get on well together. Encloses a note from Moore. The cavalry and artillery will move on Salamanca by Elvas. Supposes his friend Lord Paget will be rejoining him. Encloses a memoir of the French Engineer commander to Junot which was found by accident

Villa Vicosa, 1 November 1808 They are to march into Spain on 6th by way of Badajos, Merida, Medellin, Trujillo, etc. as far as Talavera. Junot would never have managed a retreat through this country to Elvas. Wellesley is in error on this point. Portuguese are reluctant to supply, money is short, Castlereagh must call Parliament to vote credits then adjourn it for a long time. Dysentery among the troops

Outposts of General Hope's Division at Adancro, 29 November 1808 Hope was urged to stay in Madrid. Passage of the Guadarrama. Stewart in charge of the advanced guard. Report that the French have entered Tordesillas, Bessieres has 10,000 men. Castanos was defeated at Tudela. The British position is critical for if the Somosierra is forced the Spaniards will abandon Segovia. British may barricade themselves in Avila and wait for Moore. The Brigade HQ is at Fontiveros. Regrets he has had to cover the union of Hope and Moore so closely as he could have obtained better intelligence. Rear-guard exchanged shots at Arvella on 29 November. Castanos and Palafox agreed on a concerted attack along both sides of the Ebro on Lograno and Lodrosa. Complete rout at Tudela Fontiveros, 3 December 1808 Has heard from Moore that Baird is to retire on Corunna. Stewart believes retreat will have a bad effect on the Spaniards. If St. Juan's army can join Castanos and hold the Somosierra Madrid can be saved for a while. The Spaniards are no assistance, 'All their energy is only call'd forth in going to Church, having absurd processions and taking up suspicious people'. They are exactly like the Portuguese 'no animation of character and are incapable of exertion'. Bonaparte said to be at Aranda '... he certainly has arrived too soon here', Castanos was plagued by Junta spies. The women of Madrid are helping the defence

Villoria in front of the Forces, 5 December 1808 Went to Salamanca to see Moore who abuses the Government, the Spaniards, etc. Stewart declared that to retreat now would finish the Spanish cause and the Continent as well. Outlines his own plans. Worried lest any mishap should befall this letter and his criticisms be assigned to the wrong motives. A trench has been dug round Madrid. The British should retire behind the Sierra Morena or to the south to join the Spaniards. Lord William Bentinck is also opposed to Moore's scheme. Retreat begins day after tomorrow towards Ciudad Rodrigo. 'Would to God we had the Hero of Vimieiro at our head now!'

Outposts in front of Salamanca, 8 December 1808 The retreat is called off. The Junta however have fled to Badajos. Col. Graham has been sent to Madrid. French now have the Guadarrama and Somosierra passes. Stewart's troops in good condition, only 2 sick . A courier to Avanda has been seized bearing despatches to Napoleon including requests for an increase in pay by the Duke of Abrantes

La Nava del Rey, 19 December 1808 Graham's account already sent to Castlereagh but Moore's plans unaltered by the news and hoped to write with Baird and Romano. The force has now taken up new position, Stewart's brigade being at Palacio rubios, Madrigal, Nava del Rey and Pallos. Sends report of an action at Rueda into which he decided to lead a squadron on his own his own responsibility. Duckwood, his ADC distinguished himself. Moore has a gloomy turn of mind, he will not risk his reputation. 'He will rather seek thespeck that may shield or the Palliative that may excuse', though no one is better once the course is marked out. Spain must not be abandoned. If the north has to be left they should be transported to thesouth. 'Spain and Spain alone would be my game'. [incomplete]

Villamajor, 19 December 1808 Have taken 100 prisoners and have also brought from Valladolid Don Xavier D'Urbino appointed intendant by the French. Romana has retreated from Leon and the Council of War decided to press forward to make contact with Baird and attack Soult at Palencia or Saldanha. Recounts the news of French plans received from a Colonel Arvignac whom he took prisoner. 'I fear the struggle is over for the present ...', the Spaniards will not move without action from Moore. Urges Castlereagh to pour in British Cavalry

Outpost before Villada, 22 December 1808 Lord Paget's successful engagement with the enemy yesterday. Intention to attack Soult's position at Saldanha

Astorga, 30 December 1808 Copy of general orders from General Clinton commending the example of Stewart's cavalry in the recent action

Villa Franca, 2 January 1809 Has beaten the best squadron of French cavalry and taken their General, Le Fevre, prisoner, in an action at Benavente. Account of the action, 60 out of his forces of 130 are hors de combat as a result. Position is desperate (continued from Lugo, 6 January) Pell-mell retreat through the Gallician Defile which a few infantry could have held against an army. Now making for the re-embarkation point at Corunna

Lugo, 7 January 1809 He and Paget both suffering from ophthalmia. Fell back on Astorga where they found Romana's army in a wretched state. Retired to Bembibre, the road strewed with Spanish material. French cavalry pursued closely and cut up the stragglers who were mostly drunk. Attempt to hold up the French at Cacabelos failed and Villa Franca was abandoned without any show of resistance though the defiles could have been easily held. (continued from Betanzos, 10 January) Vacillation on the choice of embarkation point but Coranna seems settled on, preparation for a battle at Lugo on the 8th but nothing has happened yet. Should get the infantry off but may lose horses and guns

Lisbon, 23 April 1809 Arrived yesterday after very nearly being driven aground on the Isle of Wight. Everything is going as well as Castlereagh could wish. Resistance at Oporto negligible, the bishop escaped to Lisbon but the French have made no further moves. Craddock and Beresford resolved on a northward movement but seem to have overlooked Victor's presence near Badajos where he has stayed since defeating Cuesta at Medellin. Wellington's views, etc. British to assemble at Leivia, Beresford and the Portuguese are at Thomar, the Portuguese like English officers and more must be sent. No good systematic plan of defence has been settled. After hearing Villiers's details Wellesley, decided not to act out Castlereagh's orders in toto; Craddock mortified, is going to Gibraltar but 'this difficult and delicate arrangement has been carried into execution in the most perfect manner ...'. Villiers is a great treasure. Hopes Castlereagh has arranged with Lord Liverpool for supply of Irish horses. If they can hang on for 4 months they can hold the country (continued 25 April) Soult seems to have 12,000 and Victor about double. An attempt on the latter would be preferable to a move northward. Campbell's Portuguese brigade in fine shape and have adopted the English system of messing, with increased pay, etc. They can certainly hold the country if Castlereagh gives them the necessary support.

Pombal, 1 May 1809 Craddock and Beresford had decided to move on Coimbra when Wellesley took command but did not use the letters authorising him to do so sent to him by the government. Wellesley advises that Cuesta must act defensively against Victor until Soult is dealt with. The position at Santarem is very strong. The French cannot cross the Tagus without boats and the occupation of Santarem and Golegam makes Lisbon secure. (continued from Coimbra, 2 May) Wellesley enthusiastically received. Stewart's antagonist, Franceschi, occupies the villages between him and the Vouga

Coimbra, 5 May 1809 Portuguese corps have been incorporated into British Army, Beresford and the remaining Portuguese to form the advance. Detailed account of Wellesley's plans which have been frustrated by Selviera's defeat at Amarante and news of the impending evacuation of Oporto by the French. Coimbra can supply provisions but money is short, expenses are about £100,000 per month. Difficulties over Beresford's rank. Ney is said to be coming from Corunna to reinforce Soult. Wellesley expecting reinforcements also. Stewart complains about his tasks in 'this Department' which is in a state of chaos

Coimbra, 7 May 1809 Wellesley has seen the French officers who are in touch with the malcontents but one group will only seize Soult if he makes himself King of Portugal. The French intend to move off into Spain and these officers advise the occupation of Villa Real in force

HQ near Pedneira, 9 May 1809 Order of march from Coimbra and disposition, etc. for the passage of the Douro, Beresford to attack Amarante via Lamego and the main body to assault Villa Nova and Oporto. Stewart fears Soult may unite his army at Amarante hold off Beresford and escape through Tras os Montes. Has heard from Doyle at Seville that 10,000 French have left Aragon to help either Soult or Victor. (continued 10 May) Cotton's contretemps and subsequent action at Albergaria. Advance to Oliveira (continued 11 May) Fell in with enemy at Grijon, Wellesley turning their position by a clever feint. Stewart and the cavalry pursued them successfully until they formed up their infantry again at Carvalbos. [incomplete]

Oporto, 11 May 1809 The passage of the Douro is 'one of the most gallant achievements that any Troops ever performed'. Describes the action at Villa Nova. Soult left the spot where Stewart is writing only 2 hours before (continued 13 May) Impossible to praise Wellesley enough 'we have a General now - Secundum nulli - give him but Troops and nothing will stand before him'. French are retreating to Amarante, with Beresford at Villa Real, Soult is not likely to escape.

Braga, 15 May 1809 French have moved from Pinafiel to Guimareens, both their corps now heing headed off they had to pass the Santa Catherina mountains and abandon their guns. Movements since taking of Oporto - Beresford directed to Chaves but he was ignorant of the events on his left. Soult will be annihilated before Ney and Bessieres reach him. By intercepted letters they learn Victor is negotiating with the Junta and will make no forward movement. Stewart thinks the British should make for Alcantara via Ciudad Rodrigo. They should be sent 10,000 infantry instantly. (continued from Ruivaens, 19 May) Action with French rearguard at Salamonde but pursuit called off because of darkness. Advance hampered by the material jettisoned by the enemy. Wellesley abandoned the chase, Soult making for Orense. The latter must have 4-5,000 men but it was a great feat to escape. The British reached Montalegre but are now falling back to Oporto in view of Victor's move on Alcantara. (continued from Oporto, 12 May) Marching rapidly to the Mondego. Resistance at Alcantara Bridge has held up Victor

[from John Doyle to Stewart] Seville, 15 May 1809 French on their way to Trujillo. Cuesta follows them 'and will of course get licked but he will prevent your being hit hard ...', Five French ships of the line are anchored in Rosas Bay. Has been badgering the Junta on Cuestas behalf.

[from John Doyle to Stewart] Seville, 17 May 1809 Has persuaded the Junta to put the army in motion to draw off Victor's reinforcements or leave Madrid open to Venegas. Has urged that the Guadalajara side of Madrid be kept in being. The Hacienda in Seville is sending provisions to the British

Coimbra, 29 May 1809 Victor retired from Alcantara. The Portuguese there fought very well. Much discontent about the question of Portuguese rank and he urges Castlereagh to make a definite decision on it. Beresford declares he is a British Lt. General. Tilson and Murray are returning home. Have seen the accounts of the Austrian defeat, which probably means reinforcements sent to Spain.The march will be from Thomar to Abrantes, hopes of surrounding Victor. Kellerman and Ney are said to be attempting to crush Romana in the Asturias. (continued 31 May) Hope they will attack Victor via Plasencia. Asks for some of the new volunteers, it is the only way to help Austria. Burghersh's appointment has caused a furore. Wellesley having trouble with Sherbrook. (enclosed) State of the forces in Portugal under Sir Arthur Wellesley's command, 20 May 1809

Coimbra, A[djutant] G[eneral's] O[ffice], 3 June 1809 Victor has retired on Trujillo and the Bridge of Almares. There has been some plundering but Wellesley has it under control

Tomar, 8[6?] June 1809 Believes that had they moved on Alcantara by Ciudad Rodrigo they could have then turned north on Plasencia and prevented the junction of the French corps, which is the great object to achieve. Need more cavalry and 10,000 more infantry before they can commit the army to Spain. Their total strength is 25,188, effectives 20,634 Castlereagh will be hearing of anti-French movements in Germany and receive demands to send the troops there, Flushing or Italy. 'The partiality for German possessions in England, especially if the old Regency is re-established at Hanover, will call loudly for troops in that quarter'. Stewart believes that, if reinforced, they can drive the French to the Pyrenees this year. News from Austria 'makes me quake'. Bonaparte is too near Vienna. More about rank difficulties. Congratulates Castlereagh on his Parliamentary successes. 'I hope you have made Wellesley a peer'. Postscript about Beresford and the Portuguese rank question. Stewart has no heart in his present task (as A-General). (enclosed) Letter from Col. Thomas Graham (later Lord Lynedoch) to Stewart, Stratton Street, 22 May 1809 Concerns his willingness to serve in any capacity which he has intimated to Castlereagh though he is upset by having his troops sent off without him

Abrantes,8 June 1809 Colonel Bourke has been sent to Cuesta. It seems that all Victor's force may not have retired but are gathering at Merida and should be brought to battle Of the three proposals to be put to Wellesley, Cuesta chose the first; the British to join the Spaniards at Merida via Elvas and Badajos, Venegas to be sent to Talavera to turn the enemy's left (the other plans detailed). Wellesley objects to all these plans saying that they should be intercepting Victor by direct means. He wants an immediate move on Plasencia drawing off Victor and feels confident of defeating him in battle if he has only a few Spaniards. Cuesta wants the fight to be for Spain but Wellesley is reluctant to do more than confine himself to his instructions and save Portugal by driving the French from Estremadura. Romana said to be at Orense. Soult in a poor way with only 8,000 left many without arms and shoes. The French have Oviedo and Asturias but Blake has had successes against Suchet in Aragon.

A[djutant] G[eneral's] O[ffice], Abrantes,12 June 1809 It is a pity Wellesley has not received recognition of the Douro exploit. It would have been unwise to have followed Soult and left Portugal open to Victor. Burghersh's appointment has caused a sensation. Expects real battle about Segovia where Victor will have reinforcements from King Joseph. Ney and Soult have attacked Vigo, Beresford should never have left Oporto. Wellesley in Madrid would be compensation for Napoleon in Vienna. Short of supplies, require £200,000 to put them in proper shape.

Abrantes, 15 June 1809 Cuesta sticks to his original plan which will merely drive the French back on their own reinforcements. The only choice however is to do this or remain inactive. Beresford will proceed to Castelbranco. State of the battalions. Just learnt that Victor has fallen back on Merida which makes the Badajos move all the more objectionable.

Abrantes, 18 June 1809 Problem of discipline acute. The battalions made up of stragglers and the worst men from Moore's army who are now used to their profession as marauders. Are they to pursue if Victor falls back further?

Abrantes, 22 June 1809 The French movement induced Cuesta to accept Wellesley's proposals. Beresford left to return to the Douro-Minho and arrangements are now being made for the advance to Placencia. Would help if they really knew what was expected of them. Difficulties in getting supplies from Lisbon. Cadogan will deliver Stewart's despatch. If Castlereagh sends cavalry toGermany asks not to be forgotten Cuesta has entered Truxillo and restored the bridge at Almarez. French have left Estremadura and are heading for Madrid.

Abrantes, 27 June 1809 Broke camp today to march to Zarza la Major. Cuesta is following the French alone, natural enough in view of the long delay at Abrantes. Wellesley not satisfied with Howarth, who has the artillery, but the wait has given them all the spleen.

Castello Branco, 1 July 1809 Enduring much hardship. Cuesta has a poor opinion of the English. Bonaparte probably only intends a defensive campaign in Spain, If there is to be action in the north hopes Castlereagh will ferret out Paget to send to Spain. 'Remember Maraletz (? Marie Louise) is a very proper modest personage and highly fitted to Society especially of a genteel kind but she has nothing to do with fighting and Bonaparte never bestowed one glance at her during his career'. Just heard that Joseph Bonaparte has left Madrid with 5,000 men to join Victor at Talavera, Sebastiani to join them and Cuesta has fallen back to Almaraz. French movements in the north, their patrols have been near Placentia, Victor probably bringing them to protect his flank. 'Cuesta will annoy us, we shall not be able in any concerted plan to count upon him and his freaks are not to be contrould' Best plan is to manouvre rather than risk a battle.

Coria, 6 July 1809 Entered Spain at Zarsa la Major. Crawford's troops were transported on arrival straight to Santarem in flat bottomed boats, an experiment of the admiral. Victor occupies a good position at Talavera with 27,000 effectives. Cuesta has established boat bridges at Almaras and below the Tietar. Ney and Soult have assembled at Zamora. Recounts the capture of General Franceschi by a Capuchin friar, he is an ill-looking man with a swarthy complexion. Suchet has had a success against Blake near Saragossa. Stewart favours giving battle now, as victory would lead to annihilation of French armies in Spain. (continued from Plasencia, 8 July) From letters found on Franceschi, Soult is in extreme distress. It is said the French at Talavera are unaware that a large force is so close to them. (enclosed) Copy of the army's movements and dispositions as transmitted to the Adjutant General, 4-6 July

Plasencia, 13 July 1809 Description of review of Spanish army at Casa del Puertos, and of Cuesta's age and infirmities, having been ridden over by his dragoons at Medellin. The Spaniards are little more than raw levies, ill equipped. Cuesta rarely speaks and rules the army by a system of terror and hangs anyone he suspects of favouring the French. He gives no orders in battle but O'Donaghue seems able, though an intriguer. A joint move is to be made on Talavera. Gives details of the proposed dispositions; there will be a 2-3 days battle

Talavera, 26 July 1809 Entered Oropesa on 20th and Cuesta passed through and reviewed the English. The Spaniards marched directly on Talavera but were needlessly checked by French cavalry, the Spaniards are more in-competent than the Turks. The enemy left Talavera and took up positions behind the Alberche. Wellesley is anxious that any plan should come from Cuesta 'who is certainly an incapable, though positive, old Fool'. Plan of attack was decided on but the French withdrew on the 23rd. [incomplete, with a duplicate copy] (enclosures) (a) Distribution of the army on 24 July (b) Copy or orders for movement of troops on 24 July

Talavera, 31 July 1809 '... I sit down to give you a hasty account of one of the greatest battles in which a British Army has been engaged in this war ... you will scarcely find on record a transaction which redounds so much to the honour of the army and the Man who has resisted with effect with 19,000 men the repeated and impetuous attacks of a French Army of not less than 45.000 of their best disciplined troops'. Wellesley discovered a defensive line which no one had seen and persuaded Cuesta to take it up with the British. Description of the disposition. Action on the 27th particularly centring on the hill on the left held by General Mackenzie's division which was retaken after the French had gained the summit, a most important achievement. On the 28th the enemy renewed their attacks on this point but were repeatedly thrown back. From 8.30 till 11.00 there was a lull and then great dust clouds heralded a new attack made in 4 columns, almost entirely on the British sector and preceded as is customary with the French by a heavy cannonnade. The resulting conflict lasted from 12.00 until dark when the French fell back, but had it been possible to use the Spaniards out of line against the enemy's flank they would not have escaped so easily. English loss very great chiefly due to the murderous artillery fire. Becket, Fordyce, Gardner and Mackenzie all killed. Army nearly starving and a French corps has penetrated as far as Puerto de Banios [apparently incomplete, with a copy (47)]

Peraleda, 6 August 1809 On 1st and 2nd had authentic reports of Soult's movements at Plasencia with 14,000 men. The allies at Talavera were short of supplies. Cuesta wanted to divide the forces to threaten Soult and Madrid simultaneously but Wellesley agreed only to take his forces against Soult. Cuesta however intercepted despatches to the French commander which showed treachery had taken place in the Allied forces and describing the French plans. Vanegas had not moved sufficiently to his right and therefore the Spanish armies were checked. Cuesta followed the British to Oropesa thereby sacrificing 1,500 of their wounded. On 3rd August Soult's advanced guard reached Naval Moral and therefore had either to fight him or cross the Bridge at Arzobispo. Wellesley proposed falling back to the Tagus until the problem of subsistence could be solved. They crossed in view of the enemy's patrols and made for the Almaraz-Trujillo road. The army has been without bread for 3 days. The French may push straight on to Portugal 'despising the Spaniards as [they] do and are hut too justly warranted in doing'. British have only 18,000 effectives and the cavalry is cut up. Beresford has told them that Mortier is to join Soult and Ney, and he is therefore falling back on Castelbranco. Had the Spaniards manifested any enthusiasm they might have united their forces and pushed on to Madrid. Wellesley's orders are only to protect Portugal' '... the nature of our soldier, heroick in action. full of spirit in advance and when he is well fed, but in retreat where suhsistence is short he becomes cross, unmanageable and too much disposed to give the thing up'. (continued from Delytosa, 9 August) Wellesley has written detailed accounts to Castlereagh which he would like to be made public at discretion. He has been made Captain General by the Spaniards but if offered the full command instead of Cuesta it will he embarrassing. Gives details of the French and Allied forces. Austria must keep up resistance or all is in vain.

Jaraicejo, 15 August 1809 The Spaniards were driven from Arzobispo on the 8th. Cuesta has taken up a strong position at Mesa d'Ibor. Enemy at or near Placencia. Sir Robert Wilson has been defeated and retires on Ciudad Rodrigo, Beresford at Zarza and Crawford to meet him, Cuesta has resigned his command as a result of the outcry. 'I am rejoiced to think the Battle of Talavera will put Life into the old Shops in Downing St. again'.

Jaraicejo, 18August 1809 Will retire to Elvas by Trujillo and Caceres. The enemy finding the British had escaped recoiled on Vanegas who was defeated at Aranjuez on the 5th and Almonacid. Unless Bonaparte can be prevented from sending reinforcements thinks it would be best to embark the army. (enclosed) Weekly state of the British and German artillery and of the forces under Wellesley's command, 15 August 1809

Trujillo, 21 August 1809 Wellesley may be blamed for advancing from Plasencia too hurriedly or putting too much reliance on Cuesta but the army considers unanimously that the retreat is inevitable. The sick officers are getting worse and Wellesley has been ill also. (enclosed) General arrangement for the march of the army and proposed distribution on the Portuguese frontier.

Merida, 24 August 1809 The A.G. and Q.M.G. posts do not have the interest and importance they have in other armies. This is probably due to the Horse Guards' tradition of leaving everything to the Military Secretary, an officer of inferior rank. The system obtains even on active service and the A.G. does little more than make returns etc. and filing. After trial he only stays in the post for duty's sake though he has Wellesley's confidence. He has been seeking a field command. Describes his relations with Wellesley. An A.G.'s task is difficult on active service if his rank is not very high and he knows he has given umbrage to some people. Wellesley has explained the utter necessity of retiring to Portugal. He will defend this to the last but it must be with British troops for, pace Beresford, the Portuguese are as untrustworthy as the Spaniards.

Cintra, 20 October 1809 Health improving rapidly. Rainy season coming on and hopes to be able to go to England in the frigate Quebec. There is a virtual armistice with the French. Wellington's reaction to Castlereagh's recent difficulties (i.e. the duel with Canning) has been lukewarm probably on grounds of self interest. He thinks Portland's conduct worse than Canning's and finds fault with all parties so as to be in with any government the King chooses. Nevertheless he admits Canning's ambition and declares that he has proof 'that it had been agreed by all the Cabinet that they would continue to act in their situations under Lord Wellesley he being placed in the Duke of P's shoes with the single exception of Mr. Canning ....'. Wellington's failure to tell Castlereagh what he knew however is an unworthy action, 'alas that one is obliged to keep up appearances with those who can thus act'. Canning was the only active opponent but the others are all deceivers

Cintra, 21 October 1809 Has had a letter from Wellington which he has hastily copied to send to Castlereagh, unknown to Wellington. Is staggered by the tone of it.

Cintra, 20 October 1809 Enclosing letter from Beresford and copy of agreed reply (enclosures) (a) Beresford to Stewart. 19 September 1809; concerning the rumour that Stewart would like to have command of the Portuguese cavalry (b) Stewart to Beresford, (before 17 October) 1809, Cintra; regrets he cannot accept the offer without having more certain prospects (c) George Murray to Stewart, 18 October 1809; thinks Stewart has acted judiciously in declining the offer [bound in the wrong order]

Richmond, 2 December 1809 Are the government considering taking in Canning? Refuses to meet Lord Camden except under necessity. News from Spain of Eguias actions. British have nearly 10,000 sick. He is not happy about returning to the Peninsula but will do his duty.

London, 7 December 1809 The Duke of Clarence called to say that Wellington is to return home to succeed Lord Chatham at the Ordnance. This is a Wellesley Government and their people are likely to be placed in office. 'The cry in London is save the King against the Catholicks'. Canning is likely to come in.

Richmond, 12 December 1809 Lord Harrington has been offered the Ordnance though the Irish position would suit his pocket more. Wellington expected to return at any time. A new expedition is being talked of. Has had a meeting with Watson concerning the political situation and Stewart's relations with Lord Camden. The Prince called to ask what Lord Castlereagh's intentions wereafter his dismissal. Lord Wellesley has accepted office, the Prince had seen the letter.

H[ead] Q[uarters] at Villa Formosa, 1 May 1811 Massena has been ordered to relieve Almeida and is assembling his forces at Ciudad Rodrigo. Stewart has just arrived at the front. Wellington has prepared for the siege of Badajor and the 'arrangements now here promise a glorious result'. British have 40,000, French must have 40-45,000 but they are dispirited. They will be allowed to cross the Agueda when both armies will have a difficult river in their rear (enclosed) Henry Hardinge to Stewart, 19 April 1811 Estremadura cleared of the enemy. Discussed the tactics for the investing of Badajoz. Has suggested to Beresford that Stewart would like the cavalry command. Bad error on the 16th allowed the enemy cavalry to escape.

Head Quarters at Villa Formosa, 8 May 1811 Description of the actions at Fuentes de Onoro on the 3rd and 5th of May. Today the enemy have begun to fall back towards Rodrigo. ' ... that the British nation should produce the Hero who has accomplished this great work and opened the eyes of Europe ... must raise our National Character higher than ever ...'. The Commissariat has been excellent. (continued 9 May) Marmont has taken over Ney's corps. Joseph has left for Paris but Stewart thinks Wellington wise for confining himself to the recapture of Almeida.

Head Quarters at Villa Formosa, 14 May 1811 Massena's preparations for withdrawal. Campbell was ordered to resume the siege of Almeida but left the bridge at Barba del Puerto. On the night of the 11 May an immense explosion was heard and the enemy marched out, forced General Pack's pickets and made for Barba del Puerto. Brennier having instructed his men to march in complete silence. The affair is disgraceful and Massena can now claim that his operations have been successful when everyone in the armies knows he had given up Brennier by his retreat. Almeida is badly damaged and to repair the fortifications would take considerable time and expense. It is said that Marmont has replaced Massena. Wellington is inclined to allow the seige of Badajoz to continue and move in that direction himself '... the enemy must ... determine something as to their interests in Spain ...'. Has just heard of a repulse at Badajoz.

Head Quarters at Elvas, 22May 1811 Soult preparing for the relief of Badajoz. Beresford could not do two things and so decided to face him in concert with Castanos and Blake. Wellington moved to his support and learnt at Elvas the details of the Battle of Albuera, 'the most sanguinary Battle that British troops ever saw ...'. Account of the engagement fought on 16 May. The British lost 4,158 out of 7,500 and the force has been recently seriously diminished. The siege of Badajoz is resumed. The French lost 7,000 including 3 generals and Soult was wounded.

In front of Badajoz, 30 May 1811 Enclosed a letter from Beresford, he is a good general but loses himself in critical moments. There will be another battle soon. Sends a present of two boars. His wife has got a good tutor for Frederick. (enclosures) Beresford to Stewart, Almandralijo, 25 May 1811 Had been in low spirits for fear his decision had been the wrong one. He would have liked to have avoided a battle which risked everything.

Fuente Guinaldo, 14 August 1811 Has been on horseback most of the week reconnoitring Ciudad Rodrigo, the Agueda, etc. Describes the difficult terrain surrounding Ciudad, the place is well provisioned and under competent command. Bessieres has been recalled to Paris, '... as he is one of the greatest favourites of Bonaparte it would seem as if new plans were hatching'. French reinforcements are said to be on the way. Present dispositions of the English.

A[djutant] G[eneral's] O[ffice], Fuente Guinaldo, 21 August 1811 Describes the situation of Ciudad Rodrigo and discusses possible means for its investment. Another English patrol has been captured.

A[djutant] G[eneral's] O[ffice], Fuente Guinaldo, 21 August 1811 Confusion about supplies of sheep and cattle arriving at Lisbon. Expects Castlereagh will be on his way to Ireland unless something has happened to the King, '... which I think most probable as the D. of Clarence writes to his son, This is the last letter I shall write this reign'.

A[djutant] G[eneral's] O[ffice], Frenada(?), 11 December 1811 (to the Marquess of Londonderry) Fortunate that he has his father and Castlereagh to support him. Out of the six years he has been married, four have been spent on active service, 'I have not the motives of the Chief for giving up every private claim upon my actions'. Many others have left including his friend General Stewart and he feels he should do the same having failed to get the cavalry command he would have liked. Castlereagh is pursuing a wise course but the idea of war in the north seems to have died away. Spain is in a poor state, the villages are plundered by both French and their own guerrillas, the Cortes exists only on money from the colonies. If Valencia and Murcia fall the crisis of Spain is at hand, and the English should consider abandoning it. In 1808 Salamanca and Madrid were accessible and Spanish armies existed. The division of forces prevents any offensive operations while any two French armies will outnumber the combined English force. Badajoz and Ciudad Rodrigo are a perpetual annoyance. Unless Bonaparte can be occupied in the north all his attentions will be diverted to Spain. 'Lord Wellington imagines now there is some great convulsion in Europe that will shortly break out against the tyrant'. Discusses the Londonderry election and the probable opposition of the Beresfords. Babington should take care to have a poll on the most inexpensive scale. Canning's probable course of action in the election. Glad the Down prospect is good, Castlereagh well deserves to be returned. Longs to see the Mount Stewart improvements and is pleased the Merinos are doing well. Would like him to try Estremadura cattle

A[djutant] G[eneral's] O[ffice], Funada (?), 11 December 1811 Cavalry are in cantonments near the Modego and Douro. Great deficiency of forage. Almeida is being repaired but fears they might have to abandon it again if the French make a move. News from the Spanish colonies unpromising. Minas sucess in Catalonia eclipses Hill's. Castanos with a large retinue has established his H.Q. at Villa Formosa. Wellington seems to be expecting a decisive turn in Europe otherwise he would not keep the army active so far from its bases. McKenzie has been to H.Q. probably from the Marquess (Wellesley), '... with regard to intrigue and under hand work the Marquis is as great a dab as Canning nor are any of his family strangers to this work if I judge right'. Discusses the Irish Elections as in D/Lo/C 18/67. Sends him two Spanish pointers to cross with the English breed. 'We have some excellent hunting here now'. (Enclosed) William Ponsonby to Lord Stewart, Abrantes, 6 December 1811 Asking for leave of absence during the confinement of his wife. Also would like her surgeon who is in Portugal at the moment to be sent home too

A[djutant] G[eneral's] O[ffice], Funada (?), 18 December 1811 Nothing is intended until the Spring. The French began the bombardment of Valencia on the 25 November. Suchet's campaign is a brilliant one. A move to draw off the French would be desirable, but provisions, etc., are too short. Guerilla successes continue. Castanos is trying to get Wellington to move. 'I am apt to believe until you settle something in the political hemisphere at home, and the Regent's line is decidedly taken, we shall have no active Employment in the War ...' Number of officers going home, even bachelors, show that his military reputation ought not to suffer as a result of his absence last year. 'Fox hunting still keeps us alive'. Describes the hunts, etc.

A[djutant] G[eneral's] O[ffice], Funada (?), 20 December 1811 Sends dogs. 'Murray will deliver this and tell you how desperate dull we are now in this Hole.'

Funada (?), c. 1 January 1812 Sends report on cavalry failure. Move to Gallegos on the 4th. Snow has started. Since the start of the Peninsular campaign losses have been about 18,000 (Enclosed) J. Burke to Lord Stewart, Merida, 30 December 1811 The French were warned of Hill's approach when party of their horse met the English advance guard. The English were unable to make any impression on the enemy who conducted an admirable retreat, and evacuated Merida

Duke of Clarence to Lord Stewart, 9 December 1811 (St. James's) Papers will show why he has delayed so long in replying. Even without a northern war he believes the Peninsula will be lost by France. As the Spanish and Portuguese colonies have cut themselves off the Peninsula is of small interest to Bonaparte. Though Clarence has private reasons for not wishing the W(ellesley)s well he will not join the party which regards the Peninsula as a secondary object. Like Stewart he dislikes politics and is now, he hopes, finally clear of them.